Luther an intellectual historians persepective
Lortz an intellectual, Catholic Historian explains the reformation with reference to the medieval break up of Western Christianity. Lortz provides revealing evidence of a late medieval break down in the universality of the Catholic Church, which shook it to its very foundations. Firstly, Clement V removed the seat of the Roman See to Avignon in France from 1309 till 1377. Petrarch, the "father of humanism", termed this period the "Babylonian Captivity" of the papacy, a sentiment shared by many non-French. In 1377 Gregory XI's returned to Rome, by 1378 he was forced to evacuate back to Avignon where he re-established himself as pope. The result of this was the creation of two popes Urban VI in Rome and in Robert of Geneva in Avignon, the two popes excommunicated each other. European loyalty became divided, England and the German empire sided with Urban, France and the kings of Spain with Clement. In 1409 the Council of Pisa attempted to re-unify the church under one pope but ironically created a third pope. Secondly the establishment of the German national reform council with a "radically separatist" stance acted to distance Germany from Rome. Thirdly the church influence in the political, social, economic and legal field was damaged as a result of the growing desire amongst national rulers and in Germany territorial prices, to centralize power into their own hands and away from other interest groups, including the church. This is evident in the increased tendency towards national churches in England, France, Spain, and in Germany territorial churches. Lastly, Germany's refusal to raise taxation for or become directly involved in, a papal to war against the Turks, then the enemies of Christianity and resultant fall of Constantinople in 1453, to the Turks, is evidence of Europe's inability to unite against its enemies.
Although humanism...
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The Decline of the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
... Roman Catholic Church has had a rich, timely, and mostly successful history. The Reformation aided the Church in ...
Thomas More, about what he did in his life and why he was so hard to put down by the Catholic Church and many of his former friends in the English government
... Tower of London on April 17 1535. His trial was held and false evidence was provided against him. He was executed on July 6, 1535. More was beatified in 1886 and canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint by Pope ...
Evaluate the reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation.
... survival of the Catholic Church). The Church offered good programs but executed them poorly. Pope Paul III entered into the papacy with a new vigor for reform. However, he was the same pope that ...
The Internal weaknesses of the Catholic Church were the real reasons for the German Reformation.
... occurrence of the Reformation. Randell states that 'Religion was culture and culture was Religion`. There was only one church in Western Europe and this was the Roman Catholic Church. The Church was ...
Relations Between the Catholic Church in Croatia and the Serbian Orthodox Church Since World War II.
... the western Roman Catholic Church, with its capital city of Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, with its headquarters in Constantinople. This eastern half of Christianity, known as the Byzantine Empire, became ...
The Great Schism of the West What was the most important cause of the Great Schism?
... Roman Catholic Church. The story of the Great Western Schism began in 1378 after the Babylonian Captivity, which was when the papacy was located in Avignon for some seventy years. After the Babylonian Captivity, the papacy became situated in Rome. The ...
On the history of the Catholic church from Rome, Byzentine to monestaries.
... Roman Empire disappeared in the West, many wondered whether the Catholic Church would also disappear from Western Europe. The Barbarian invaders were not Catholics; most of them ... Visigoths (Germanic tribe) had invaded Spain. In 467 a king of the Ostrogoths (another German tribe ...
When Did You Come Over? The Irish Catholic Experience in Nineteenth Century Britain
... with the help of the Roman Catholic Church the migrants of the nineteenth ... Statistics." In Population Studies. Vol. 29, 143-149. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. Thackeray, William. The Irish Sketchbook. Belfast: 1843. Walker ... speaking western coast of Ireland saw only 25 to 30 per cent of its ...