The Monetary and Fiscal Policies, although controlled by two different organizations, are the ways that our economy is kept under control. Both policies have their strengths and weaknesses, some situations favoring use of both policies, but most of the time, only one is necessary.
The monetary policy is the act of regulating the money supply by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, currently headed by Alan Greenspan. One of the main responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System is to regulate the money supply so as to keep production,
prices, and employment stable. The "Fed" has three tools to manipulate the money supply. They are the reserve requirement, openmarket operations, and the discount rate.
The most powerful tool available is the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement is the percentage of money that the bank is not allowed to loan out. If it is lowered, banks are required to keep less money, and so more money is put out into circulation (theoretically).
English: Detail from Government. Mural by Elihu Ve...
English: The Euro money supply from September 1998...
Japanese money supply (April 1998 - April 2008)If it is raised, then banks may have to collect on some loans to meet the new reserve requirement.
The tool known as open market operations influences money and credit operations by buying and selling of government securities on the open market. This is used to control overall money supply. If the Fed believes there is not enough money in circulation, then they will buy the securities from member banks. If the Fed believes
there is too much money in the economy, they will sell the
securities back to the banks. Because it is easier to make gradual changes in the supply of money, open market operations are use more regularly than monetary policy.
When member banks want to raise money, they can borrow from Federal Reserve Banks. Just like other loans, there is an interest rate,