Palestinian Liberation Organization.

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Palestinian Liberation Organization,

Introduction

----This paper will provide an overview of the Palestinian Liberation Organization,

including its early history and its rise to prominence during the Intifada that began in 1987.

It will also include a description of Yasser Arafat's ascendancy to the leadership of the

PLO, a position that earned him the right to speak for all Palestinians by virtue of the

peace framework signed by him and the former Israeli Prime Minister Yitsak Rabin in

1993.

Early History

----Growing Palestinian activism in the early part of the 1960's provided the impetus for

the convening of the first summit conference of Arab leaders in 1964 -- to plan a unified

response to

Israeli plans to divert some of the waters of the

Jordan River. This activism influenced the

decision, made at that conference, to create the

PLO. It also precipitated the slide of the Arab

states into the June 1967 war with Israel.

In the

mid-1960's the Arab regimes were again haunted by

a force they had not had to deal with since 1948:

a Palestinian nationalist movement that, in spite

of being divided into several underground groups,

could exert great pressure on them by playing on

public opinion and inter-Arab pressures.

----During the early and middle 1960's

dissatisfaction with the Arab status quo fueled

the growth of Palestinian nationalist groups. Most

successful was Fatah, headed by Yasser Arafat

(discussed below) which began military operations

against Israel on Jan. 1, 1965, with an attack on

the Israeli national water carrier project to

transfer water from the Jordan River to the south

of Israel. Although little more than pinpricks to

the Israelis, these attacks were effective armed

propaganda in the Palestinians' political

offensive to force the Arab regimes, particularly

Egypt under Gamal Abd al-Nasser, to practice what

they preached regarding Palestine. The first

target chosen by Fatah was especially symbolic,

since none of the Arab summit meetings called to

deal with Israel's Jordan River water diversion

had resulted in any concrete action. This pattern

of armed propaganda continued to characterize

Palestinian armed attacks. It was aimed at winning

Palestinian opinion over to Fatah and at

convincing Arab public opinion of the feasibility

of direct action against Israel.

----The June 1967 war, in which several Arab

nations were soundly defeated by Israel, was

nonetheless a watershed that led to the rebirth of

a Palestinian national movement with a strong

separate identity. The rebirth occurred in

several stages. The first was winning a crucial

victory in the battle of Karameh in the Jordan

river valley in March 1968, where outnumbered

Palestinian guerrillas, backed by Jordanian

artillery, stood up to Israeli armored forces.

The importance of this battle was not in the

relatively limited Israeli losses, but in the

fact that the Israelis appeared to have been

driven back by Palestinian irregulars only nine

months after the rout of three Arab regular armies

in 1967. During the next stage, also in 1968, the

Palestinian guerrilla groups, who called

themselves fida'iyeen (fedayeen), or

self-sacrificers, seized control of the PLO from

the leadership that had been installed by Egyptian

President Gamal Abd al-Nasser in 1964.

Arafat's Rise

----Arafat was born in Jerusalem in 1929 and

brought up in Gaza. He studied civil engineering

at Cairo University, where he headed the League of

Palestine Students (1952-1956), and fought in the

Suez war of 1956. In the late 1950's he lived in

Kuwait and helped to establish Fatah, which began

terrorist operations against Israel in the early

1960's. From about 1965, and particularly after

Israel's victory in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, a

power struggle developed within the Palestinian

resistance movement, mainly between advocates of

Arab state sponsorship and those, like Arafat,

supporting an independent movement. In 1969

Arafat, as leader of the most powerful group in

the PLO, was elected chairman.

----Under Arafat's leadership, the PLO developed

a variety of political, socioeconomic, and

educational institutions in Lebanon and elsewhere

in the Palestinian Diaspora. Arafat's greatest

efforts, however, were seen in the diplomatic

arena, where he doggedly pursued the goal of

international recognition of the rights of

Palestinians to self- determination and of the

PLO as their legitimate political representative.

Because of his desire to press for a diplomatic

solution he undertook initiatives that at times

were unacceptable to the Palestine National

Council (PNC), the Palestinian people's

"parliament in exile."

----In the late 1960's, Arafat supported the

PNC's call for a secular democratic state in all

of Palestine, to be achieved by guerrilla attacks

against Israeli targets. This strategy lost

credibility in the aftermath of the 1973

Arab-Israeli war, and in 1974 the PNC agreed to a

Palestinian state in any part of Palestine. From

then on, Arafat remained a backer of what was

understood to represent a "two-state" solution.

The Intifada: The Palestinian Mass Uprising

----The rise of the PLO to the world stage really

began with the well-known intifada, or mass

uprising, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It was

at the end of 1987 where resistance to Israel's

occupation of the West Bank and Gaza strip began

to sharply escalate in the form of demonstrations,

strikes, boycotts, and violence. It came to

involve virtually the whole Palestinian population

in those areas, and continued even two years later

in spite of the hundreds of Palestinian deaths and

thousands of detentions that came at the hands of

Israeli police forces.

----The uprising was the product of a generation

that had been brought up under Israeli control.

By the late 1980's two out of every three

Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip had

either been born or were less than five years old

when the Israeli occupation began. For two decades

the people had no control over their own lives

and their future was becoming increasingly unsure.

This was primarily due to the creeping annexation

of land by the Israeli occupation authorities and

the establishment of Israeli settlements on the

confiscated lands. By 1993, more than 60 percent

of the West Bank land and about 50 the land of the

overcrowded Gaza Strip had been appropriated by

Israel (Peretz, 1990). Some of it was destined

for Jewish settlements, inhabited in many cases by

militant right-wing settlers seeking Israeli

annexation of these areas. The settlements were

meant to "establish facts," and hence make

Israeli control irrevocable. The presence of these

settlers seriously worsened the tensions between

Palestinian and Jewish settlers.

----For two decades Israel had done much to

prevent independent economic or social development

and to subject the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the

needs of the Israeli economy: these areas became

the second largest market for Israeli exports,

provided a pool of cheap labor for Israel, and

offered a field for lucrative Israeli investment.

West Bank and Gaza Strip workers had to pay part

of their low salaries into the Israeli social

security fund, but could not receive benefits. All

residents were heavily taxed, but the Palestinian

workers received much less benefits than the

Israelis enjoyed. It came to the point that the

occupation not only paid for itself but became

profitable to the Israeli state.

----Over the years the Israeli occupation

authorities expelled more than 1,700 Palestinians

for political offenses. They punished the

families of many suspects (often later found

innocent) by demolishing their homes. They

arrested and detained many thousands of

Palestinians, often by means of administrative

detentions without trial that bypassed even the

military justice system. Eventually so many people

had been harmed by the occupation in one way or

another that a large proportion of Palestinians

apparently felt that they had nothing left to

lose.

----What resulted starting on Dec. 9, 1987, was

clearly a popular uprising. It included children,

teenagers, adults, and elderly people, men and

women, every class of the population from laborers

to wealthy merchants, and every region from the

cities and towns to the refugee camps to isolated

villages. Medical relief committees, food

distribution cooperatives, local agricultural

production initiatives, educational committees,

and other ad hoc local groups sprang up to sustain

the uprising. The uprising was led in each

locality by a committee representing all the

area's political forces--generally the three or

four main groups composing the PLO (Nasser and

Heacock, 1990). A similar leadership formed at

higher regional levels, and it was topped by an

underground coordinating group that signed its

periodic communiques "PLO--Unified National

Leadership of the Uprising in the Occupied

Territories" (Peretz, 1990). As members of the

leadership were detained by the Israelis--who

after 18 months had detained more than 20,000

people--their places were taken by others.

----The uprising shattered the barrier of fear of

the occupier, strengthened the sense of

self-reliance, and in general empowered a

population that had been systematically deprived

of control over its destiny during two decades of

Israeli occupation, and before that for 19 years

under Jordanian and Egyptian rule. The resiliency

of the uprising in spite of varied forms of

Israeli repression over many months showed that

the Palestinians had learned well how to rely on

themselves and on institutions that they created.

And while many demonstrators often threw rocks

and gasoline bombs, they generally avoided more

lethal weapons and tactics. The uprising helped

crystallize a new and much younger leadership,

and marked the beginning of a new phase of the

Palestinian national movement (Nasser and

Heacock, 1990).

====The uprising provoked intense sympathy in the

Arab world and galvanized Palestinians

everywhere, bringing their cause to the attention

of the world (Gerner, 1992). Palestinians inside

Israel carried out sympathy demonstrations and

strikes. A growing number of Jews voiced doubts

about Israeli policy. As a direct result of

domestic and other pressures sparked by the

uprising, Jordan's King Hussein, on July 31, 1988,

severed his country's links with the West Bank and

renounced Jordan's sovereignty over it, thereby

reversing nearly 40 years of Jordanian

policy.

----PLO leader Arafat rode a strong wave of

international support during and after the

intifada (Peretz, 1990). He was able to speak

before the United Nations General Assembly. During

that U.N. meeting, and afterwards, Arafat sought

to satisfy the United States' two long-standing

conditions for negotiation: a recognition for the

rights of Israel to exist and a renouncement of

terrorism. The critical sentence at that speech

that many thought should satisfy the U.S.

recognition requirements was the following

(Gerner, 1992):

"The PLO will seek a comprehensive settlement among the parties concerned in the

Arab-Israeli conflict, including the State of Palestine, Israel, and other neighbors, within

the framework of the international conference for peace in the Middle East on the basis of

Resolutions 242 and 338 and so as to guarantee equality and the balance of interests,

especially our people's rights, in freedom, national independence, and respect the right to

exist in peace and security for all."

----Yet, the United States and Secretary of State

George Shulz were not completely satisfied. Thus,

Arafat gave it one more try at a news conference

the following day, in which he said:

"In my speech also yesterday, it was clear that we mean our people's rights to freedom and

national independence, according to Resolution 181, and the right of all parties concerned

in the Middle East conflict to exist in peace and security, and, as I have mentioned,

including the State of Palestine, Israel, and other neighbors, according to the Resolutions

242 and 338. As for terrorism, I renounced it yesterday in no uncertain terms, and yet, I

repeat for the record. I repeat for the record that we totally and absolutely renounce all

forms of terrorism, including individual, group, and state terrorism."

----Afterwards, the United States announced that

the PLO had met the conditions for negotiation,

and low-level talks between the PLO and the United

States ensued. But it was in 1993 when the most

significant talks took place, unbeknownst to most

of the world. Secret, direct negotiations between

Israel and the PLO took place in Norway. They

culminated in a draft peace agreement, and were

followed by formal mutual recognition between

Israel and the PLO on September 10. Three days

later the agreement was signed on the White House

lawn and sealed by a handshake between Arafat and

Israeli premier Yitzhak Rabin.

Conclusion

----The PLO, which grew to prominence under the

organization of Yassir Arafat and which became an

international player thanks to the intifada,

found its ultimate goal of a Palestinian homeland

closer than ever with the signing of the peace

agreement with Israel. It marked a great

accomplishment for an organization that was begun

by four Arab countries in 1964. But even today it

is not clear that the PLO's mission has been fully

realized; the election of the conservative

Netanhayu government in Israel has hampered some

of the steps outlined in the peace agreement.

Thus, once again, Arafat is trying to rally the

world to the side of the PLO in its ongoing

struggle.

Bibliography

Gerner, Deborah. "The Arab-Israeli Conflict." Intervention into the 1990's. ed. Peter J.

Shraeder. Boulder: Rienner Publishers, 1992. pp. 361 - 382.

Nassar, Jamal and Heacock, Roger, eds. Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads. New York:

Praeger, 1990.

Peretz, Don. Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.

Biographical information taken from: Koury, Philip S. "Arafat, Yasir." Colliers

Encyclopedia CD_ROM. Vol.2 1996.