Synopsis

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Objective of the project & methodology

2.1 Objective

2.2 Methodology

2.3 Survey

2.4 Questionnaire

Chapter 3: Soft drinks in Gwalior & its background

3.1 Background 3.2 The Manufacturing Process 3.3 Quality control

Chapter 4: Indian status & news in controversy

4.1 Indian status4.2 News in controversy Safe water not fundamental right, says panel, The Tribune New Delhi, August 7

4.3 Centre for Science and Environment checked

Chapter 5 Status in Gwalior & news in controversy 5.1 Gwalior status

5.2 Consumption of soft drinks daily

5.3 Status after Controversy

5.4 Questionnaire to All Ages

Chapter 6: Suggestions & recommendations

Chapter 7: Conclusion

Chapter 1

Introduction

India is a developing country & we are leading in the market day by day with good economic status. But basically India is a country of villages & we can never achieve our goal to be fully developed until village's economic status will not boost up.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Village's economy is mainly based on their agricultural & horticultural products & with good climatic condition in India, we have plenty of horticultural products like apple, orange, pineapple, pomengrate etc. But unfortunately, in India, their demand has been obstructed by controversial soft drinks which cause fall in cannery industry.

Here we are developing for nothing. There are many soft drinks available in the markets which are the first choice of customer than local fruit drinks. The market status of soft drinks is growing till burning midnight oil in India.

Gwalior also, is not apart from this market. Gwalior is mainly divided in to three zones i.e. Gwalior, Laskar & Murar. Maximum consumption of soft drinks occurs in Laskar area with max floating population. There are four agencies in the Gwalior which are the supplier of these soft drinks in the market.

But some time back, a huge controversy was occurred with the quality of these soft drinks when CSE (Centre of Science & Environment) reports came in to action. Campaigning & hooting was done all over India against these non quality products. But it is still unfortunate for India that our cricketers & bollywood stars came in to action & making advertisement on the behalf of these soft drinks producers, even they are never seen to take drinks on the ground where they max use glucose & saline water.

So risk assessment of these controversial soft drinks is important to find out why people of India are going for those soft drinks whose quality can never stand against respective, traditional fruit juices even after this controversial motion. The main aim to find out it consumption & its reason of controversy in Gwalior.

Chapter 2

2.1 Objective of the Project

Gwalior is a very small town far away from the site of civic authorities as now a day they are mainly concerned with the major cities. The main objectives of this mini project can be summarized as follows:

Identify the present soft drinks consumption practices by peoples of all ages in the study area.

Analyze the public behavior regarding this.

To derive the attention of concerned authorities towards the problem of soft drinks.

Analyze the running scenario whether it is satisfactory or not.

2.2 Methodology:

The method followed for the preparation of project report can be categorized into following steps:

2.2.1 Review of Literature: The first involves the revision of related literature on the issue soft drinks consumption for the purpose of the study, as well as theories that were pertinent and applicable to the study.

2.2.2 Construction Of Map: The second step involves the construction of the map of town. The map is constructed with the help of web site of Goggle Earth.

2.2.3 Discussion: The related data were collected by means of informal discussion and questionnaire with peoples of every age, rag pickers and street sweepers. Then the various issues and problems related to soft drinks infrastructure, process, and techniques are identified. The impact on health of

people consuming as well as impact on environment was studied .The comments from public and special interest groups were collected.

2.2.4 Preparing questionaire: The fourth step involves the preparation of questionnaire for finding out the people's opinion about soft drinks e.g. controversial influence & high level of irresponsible management causing problem to human health & Indian economy.

2.3 Survey:

The status of soft drinks was studied by analyzing various parameters which involves survey for quality study.

An exploratory field investigation was carried out to find the type and number of service points. These were monitored for three to four days. Numbers were assigned to all the shops and were observed visually in order to arrive across all

(Fruit juices & cold drinks both available in a shop) (Soft's drink popularity made it available all where)

possible criteria's.

In order to generate data, only visual (volume estimation) experiment was carried out. In the visual experiment, daily variation of soft drink consumption was noted.

Chapter 3

Soft Drink In Gwalior

3.1 Background

Soft drinks are enormously popular beverages consisting primarily of carbonated water, sugar, and flavorings. Nearly 200 nations enjoy the sweet, sparkling soda with an annual consumption of more than 34 billion gallons.

The roots of soft drinks extend to ancient times. Two thousand years ago Greeks and Romans recognized the medicinal value of mineral water and bathed in it for relaxation, a practice that continues to the present. In the late 1700s Europeans and Americans began drinking the sparkling mineral water for its reputed therapeutic benefits. The first imitation mineral water in the U.S. was patented in 1809. It was called "soda water" and consisted of water and sodium bicarbonate mixed with acid to add effervescence. Pharmacists in America and Europe experimented with myriad ingredients in the hope of finding new remedies for various ailments. Already the flavored soda waters were hailed as brain tonics for curing headaches, hangovers, and nervous afflictions.

As flavored carbonated beverages gained popularity, manufacturers struggled to find an appropriate name for the drinks. Some suggested "marble water," "syrup water," and "aerated water." The most appealing name, however, was "soft drink," adapted in the hopes that soft drinks would ultimately supplant the "hard liquor" market. Although the idea never stuck, the term soft drink did.

Soft drink manufacturers have been quick to respond to consumer preferences. In 1962 diet colas were introduced in response to the fashion of thinness for women. In the 1980s the growing health consciousness of the country led to the creation of caffeine-free and low-sodium soft drinks. The 1990s ushered in clear colas that were colorless, caffeine-free, and preservative-free.

3.2 Raw Materials

Carbonated water constitutes up to 94% of a soft drink. Carbon dioxide adds that special sparkle and bites to the beverage and also acts as a mild preservative. Carbon dioxide is a uniquely suitable gas for soft drinks because it is inert, non-toxic, and relatively inexpensive and easy to liquefy.

The second main ingredient is sugar, which makes up 7-12% of a soft drink. Used in either dry or liquid form, sugar adds sweetness and body to the beverage, enhancing the "mouth-feel," an important component for consumer enjoyment of a soft drink. Sugar also balances flavors and acids.

The overall flavor of a soft drink depends on an intricate balance of sweetness, tartness, and acidity (pH). Acids add sharpness to the background taste and enhance the thirst-quenching experience by stimulating saliva flow. The most common acid in soft drinks is citric acid, which has a lemony flavor. Acids also reduce pH levels, mildly preserving the beverage.

Very small quantities of other additives enhance taste, mouth-feel, aroma, and appearance of the beverage. There is an endless range of flavorings; they may be natural, natural identical (chemically synthesized imitations), or artificial (chemically unrelated to natural flavors). Emulsions are added to soft drinks primarily to enhance "eye appeal" by serving as clouding agents. Emulsions are mixtures of liquids that are generally incompatible. They consist of water-based elements, such as gums, pectin's, and preservatives; and oil-based liquids, such as flavors, colors, and weighing agents. Saponins enhance the foamy head of certain soft drinks, like cream soda and ginger beer.

To impede the growth of microorganisms and prevent deterioration, preservatives are added to soft drinks. Anti-oxidants, such as BHA and ascorbic acid, maintain color and flavor.

3.3 The Manufacturing Process

3.3.1 Clarifying the water

The quality of water is crucial to the success of a soft drink. Impurities, such as suspended particles, organic matter, and bacteria, may degrade taste and color. They are generally removed through the traditional process of a series of coagulation, filtration, and chlorination. During the clarification process, alkalinity must be adjusted with an addition of lime to reach the desired pH level.

3.3.2 Filtering, sterilizing, and dechlorinating the water

The clarified water is poured through a sand filter to remove fine particles of floc. The water passes through a layer of sand and courser beds of gravel to capture the particles.

Sterilization is necessary to destroy bacteria and organic compounds that might spoil the water's taste or color. The water is pumped into a storage tank and is dosed with a small amount of free chlorine. The chlorinated water remains in the storage tank for about two hours until the reaction is complete.

Next, an activated carbon filter dechlorinates the water and removes residual organic matter, much like the sand filter. A vacuum pump de-aerates the water before it passes into a dosing station.

3.3.3 Mixing the ingredients

The dissolved sugar and flavor concentrates are pumped into the dosing station in a predetermined sequence according to their compatibility. The ingredients are conveyed into batch tanks where they are carefully mixed; too much agitation can cause unwanted aeration. The syrup may be

Sterilized while in the tanks, using ultraviolet radiation or flash pasteurization, which involves quickly heating and cooling the mixture. Fruit based syrups generally must be pasteurized.

The water and syrup are carefully combined by sophisticated machines, called proportioners, which regulate the flow rates and ratios of the liquids. The vessels are pressurized with carbon dioxide to prevent aeration of the mixture.

3.3.4 Carbonating the beverage

Carbonation is generally added to the finished product, though it may be mixed into the water at an earlier stage. The temperature of the liquid must be carefully controlled since carbon dioxide solubility increases as the liquid temperature decreases. Many carbonators are equipped with their own cooling systems. The amount of carbon dioxide pressure used depends on the type of soft drink. For instance, fruit drinks require far less carbonation than mixer drinks, such as tonics, which are meant to be diluted with other liquids. The beverage is slightly over-pressured with carbon dioxide to facilitate the movement into storage tanks and ultimately to the filler machine.

3.3.5 Filling and packaging

The finished product is transferred into bottles or cans at extremely high flow rates. The containers are immediately sealed with pressure-resistant closures, either tinplate or steel crowns with corrugated edges, twist off, or pull tabs.

Because soft drinks are generally cooled during the manufacturing process, they must be brought to room temperature before labeling to prevent condensation from ruining the labels. This is usually achieved by spraying the containers with warm water and drying them. Labels are then affixed to bottles to provide information about the brand, ingredients, shelf

life, and safe use of the product. Most labels are made of paper though some are made of a plastic film. Cans are generally pre-printed with product information before the filling stage.

Finally, containers are packed into cartons or trays which are then shipped in larger pallets or crates to distributors.

3.3.6 Quality Control

Soft drink manufacturers adhere to strict water quality standards for allowable dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, iron, and aluminum. Not only is it in the interest of public health, but clean water also facilitates the production process and maintains consistency in flavor, color, and body. Microbiological and other testing occur regularly. The National Soft Drink Association and other agencies set standards for regulating the quality of sugar and other ingredients. If soft drinks are produced with low-quality sugar, particles in the beverage will spoil it, creating floc. To prevent such spoilage, sugar must be carefully handled in dry, sanitized environments.

It is crucial for soft drink manufacturers to inspect raw materials before they are mixed with other ingredients, because preservatives may not kill all bacteria. All tanks, pumps, and containers are thoroughly sterilized and continuously monitored. Cans, made of aluminum alloy or tin-coated low-carbon steel, are lacquered internally to seal the metal and prevent corrosion from contact with the beverage. Soft drink manufacturers also recommend specific storage conditions to retailers to insure that the beverages do not spoil. The shelf life of soft drinks is generally at least one year.

3.4 The Future

In the 1990s there were more than 450 types of soft drinks on the market and new flavors and sweeteners are developed all the time to meet market demands. In the future, advanced technology will lead to greater efficiency of soft drink

production at all stages. New methods of water clarification, sterilization, and pasteurization will improve production and minimize the need for preservatives in soft drinks. Concerns with consumer health, safety, and the environment will continue to have a positive impact on trends in the soft drink industry.

3.5 Fizzy drinks

A soft drink with fizz at the top. In a shop

Fizzy drinks (carbonated beverages) are produced by injecting carbon dioxide into the drink at a pressure of several atmospheres. Carbon dioxide dissolves readily at normal atmospheric pressure, particularly in cold beverages, but far more so at high pressure and large volumes of gas can be dissolved. When the pressure is released the carbon dioxide comes out of solution forming numerous bubbles and begins releasing the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. After many minutes most of the carbon dioxide has been released and the drink is said to be "flat".

The chemical phenomenon whereby carbonated drinks taste sharper is due to carbonic acid inducing a slight burning sensation, and is only indirectly related to the bubbles- both phenomena are caused by the carbonic acid concentration.

Carbonation can also be produced by partial fermentation in a sealed container. This is the method used in the production of ginger beer and by careful control, and use of appropriate yeasts, the alcohol level can be kept very low.

Chapter 4

4.1 Indian status

Soft drinks go by a variety of names including "soft drinks", and most popular among the masses is the term "cold drinks". "Soda" in India refers generally to carbonated water and not artificially flavoured, carbonated beverages. One of the most popular is Coca-Cola's Thums Up brand. Currently (2006), all major carbonated drink companies are having a hard time in courts with various states banning them after a CSE report claimed Coca-Cola and Pepsi's drinks contain very high levels of pesticides.

4.2 News in controversy

Safe water not fundamental right, says panel

The Tribune New Delhi, August 7 The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), after claiming to have detected pesticide traces in 12 brands of soft drinks, now says that even the availability of "safe drinking water" may not be a certainty in the country.

"Municipalities can supply water that is neither potable nor drinkable, but there's precious little a citizen can do," Ms Sunita Narain, Director, CSE, said in a release here.

The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), under the Union Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation sets guidelines for drinking water quality. But these are merely guidelines, the CSE said.

All this, the CSE said, clearly meant that contrary to what the common man would like to believe, "clean" water is not a "Fundamental Right" of all Indians

4.3 Centre for Science and Environment checked…

• We test 57 soft drink samples from 25 different manufacturing plants, spread over 12 states - roughly 30 per cent plants covered.

• We collect samples from different cities - where our reporters travel - from Burnihat in Meghalaya to Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Palakkad in Kerala to Jalandhar in Punjab.

4.3.1 Centre for Science and Environment found...

• Pesticide residues found in all soft drinks tested

• A cocktail of 3-6 pesticides was present in all samples.

• Lindane (a confirmed carcinogen) levels were over 54 times above the BIS standard; in one Coca-Cola sample from Kolkata, it was 140 times higher.

• Chlorpyrifos (a known neurotoxin) levels were on average 47 times higher; Coca-Cola sample from Mumbai had 200 times higher level.

• Heptachlor, banned in India, was found in 71 per cent of the samples, at levels 4 times higher than BIS standards.

• Average amount of pesticide residues found in all the samples was 11.85 parts per billion (ppb) - 24 times higher than the BIS standards for total pesticides in soft

drinks (0.5 ppb).

• Brand drink Pepsi-cola contained 30 times higher residues on an average.

• Brand drink Coca-Cola contained 27 times higher residues on an average.

Even higher levels than 2003

Brand-pest-jacked?

Chapter 5

Gwalior City

5.1 Gwalior status

After visual observation & public opinion's of each age, I have collected the following respective data. As shown in fig., you are watching both fruit juices as well as cold drinks in a same shop. The fast consumption of cold drinks cause it to get stabilized in the market.

Fig i Fig ii

5.2 In Gwalior

5.2.1 Consumption of soft drinks in University Campus/ daily

5.2.2 Consumption of soft drinks in Govindpuri Area/ daily

5.2.3 Present Status after Controversy

Present Status after Controversy Reasons for Taking Soft Drinks

5.2.4 Reasons for Taking Soft Drinks

5.2.5 Results of Drafted Questionnaire of All Ages

5.3 Observation:

After getting all these data's, it is worthless to discuss about awareness among the peoples. The people don't know exactly why they are taking these soft drinks. Even they know, these soft drinks are controversial, even non-nutritious, having pesticides & other chemicals in excess concentration. But they are going for these drinks beside our traditional fruit juices. These drinks are no more than a symbol of status & fashion in India & also in Gwalior.

5.3.1 News of controversy in Gwalior as

Gwalior, August 7, The Tribune Even as the demand for ban on 10 soft drink brands gathers momentum, a cockroach and lizard were spotted in soft drink bottles in Gwalior division of Madhya Pradesh today.

Mr Rakesh Kushwah, a resident of Gwalior, had purchased some soft drink bottles recently and of these one contained a cockroach. Mr Kushwah has submitted a petition in this regard to the consumer forum.

Chapter 6

6.1 Recommendation Regarding Soft drinks!

6.1.1 Nutritional value

Soft drinks obtain nearly all of their food energy in the form of refined cane sugar or corn syrup. While the USDA recommended daily allotment (RDA) of added sugars is 10 teaspoons for a 2,000-calorie diet, many soft drinks contain more than this amount. Unless fortified, it also contains little to no vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein, or other essential nutrients. Many soft drinks contain food additives such as food colouring, artificial flavouring, emulsifiers, and preservatives, which some consumers find objectionable. Some also argue that caffeine-containing soft drinks are not a valid source of dietary fluids because of the diuretic properties of caffeine; this is disputed.[3]

6.1.2 Studies showing a correlation between soft drinks and obesity

A study from Harvard shows that soft drinks may be responsible for the doubling of obesity in children over the last 15 years.

From 1991 and 1995, adolescent boys in the India, on average, increased their intake of soft drinks from 345 mL to 570 mL. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar or corn syrup, and not artificial sweeteners. Children who drink soft drinks loaded with sugar tend to eat much more food than those who avoid soft drinks. Either those taking sugared drinks lack the same restraint on foods, or sugared drinks cause a rise in insulin that makes adolescents hungrier, causing them to eat more. Soft drinks (including diet soft drinks) are also typically consumed with other high-calorie foods such as fast food. Children who drink soft drinks regularly are therefore fatter on average, in addition to being more likely to develop diabetes later in life (see below).[1]

6.1.3 Soft drinks linked to weight gain and type 2 diabetes

In 2004, an eight-year study of 50,000 nurses showed a correlation that suggests drinking one or more sugar-sweetened beverages (such as soft drinks and fruit punches) per day increases one's risk of developing diabetes by 80% versus

those who drink less than one such drink per month. This finding was independent of other lifestyle factors. It concludes, "Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.

6.1.4 Soft drinks and teeth

A large number of soft drinks are acidic and some may have a pH of 3.0 or even lower. [3] Drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time and continuous sipping can therefore erode the tooth enamel. Drinking through a straw is often advised by dentists as the drink is then swallowed from the back of the mouth and does not come into contact with the teeth. It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid. [4]

6.1.5 Soft drinks and sleep

According to one report, soft drinks with caffeine can disrupt children's sleep and leave them feeling tired during the day.[5]

6.1.6 Carcinogens in soft drinks

Benzene is a known carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent. Major soft drink companies have had documentation of benzene contamination in soft drinks since at least 1990. It was originally thought that the contamination was caused by contaminated carbon dioxide, but research has shown that benzoates and ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid can react to produce benzene; see, for example,

Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst

6.1.7 Taxation

The Center for Science in the Public Interest believes that a small tax on soft drinks may help curb consumption while raising money to fight obesity.

Opponents of this scheme believe this creates a conflict of interest for the government who collects these taxes, and may undermine their ability to reduce consumption of soft drinks.

6.1.8 Alcohol Content

A report in October 2006 demonstrates that some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol. In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation. Modern drinks use introduced carbon dioxide but alcohol might result from fermentation of sugars in an unsterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is introduced to at least some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts. The Turkish soft drink manufacturer whose product was listed as highest in alcohol in the October 2006 study noted that the naturally occurring alcohol level in yogurt is 1.5 times higher than that found in their soft drink.

Chapter 7

Conclusion

Until recently, the negative health consequences of soft drink consumption were limited to dental caries as identified in the current research. As soft drink consumption skyrocketed, the concern about soft drinks has shifted to obesity and its associated health consequences. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have linked soft drink consumption with obesity. Higher consumption also is associated with lower milk and higher total energy intakes. For these reasons, health researchers and policy makers should consider product placement in movies and its potential influences on children.

Its time to pronounce our local fruit juices. It may be found very clearly after going through this report that there is much awareness in old & tin ages regarding the harmful aspects of cold drinks than the youth ages which is must unfortunate for India, as exposure can't meet our all around development. It must be sure that reality & exposure are two different things.

References�

http://www.cseindia.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink

http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news.html

The Five Soft Drink Monsters by Health Ranger Mike Adams (2005)

Formulation and Production Carbonated Soft Drinks by A.J. Mitchell (Nov 15, 1990)

Field studies in perspective towns of Gwalior

The Times of India: Acid content in soft drinks eats away tooth enamel AGENCIES, Mar 22, 2007, 10.26pm IST

News of controversy in Gwalior as Gwalior, August 7, The Tribune