Hormone | Stimuli for Release | Mechanism of Synthesis/Release | Target Tissue(s) | Effects and MOA | Feedback Regulation |
ACTH | Corticotrophs (CRH) | Exocytosis; increase cAMP, which activates PKA | Adrenal Gland | Stimulates production of glucocorticoids and rogens by adrenal cortex | Negative |
TSH | Thyrotrophs (TRH) | Exocytosis; activates PLC, which releases IP3/DAG and increase intracellular Ca2+ | Thyroid Gland | Stimulates production of thyroid hormones, T3 & T4, by thyroid follicular cells | Negative |
GH | Somatotrophs (GHRH) | Exocytosis; synthesized in rough ER | Liver, adipose tissue | Stimulates postnatal body growth; stimulates triglyceride lipolysis | Negative |
FSH | Gonadotrophs (GnRH) | Exocytosis; synthesized in the rough ER | Ovaries, testes | Growth of reproductive system; regulates spermatogenesis | Negative |
LH | Gonadotrophs (GnRH) | Exocytosis; synthesized in the rough ER | Ovaries, testes | Sex hormone production | Negative |
PRL | Lactotrophs (aka Mammotrophs) | Exocytosis; synthesized in the rough ER | Ovaries, mammary glands | Secretion of estrogens/progesterone; mild production | Positive |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Or Arginine vasopressin (AVP) | Rise in the osmolarity of the blood and a decrease in blood volume | Exocytosis; synthesis in rough ER | Kidneys or arterioles | Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arteries | Negative |
Oxytocin | Breast-feeding stimulates sensory nerves and neural input from the female reproductive tract during childbirth | Exocytosis; synthesis in rough ER | Uterus, mammary glands | Uterine contractions & lactation; | Positive |
T4 (thyroxine) & T3 (triiodothronine) | TSH | Exocytosis; synthesized in the rough ER | All tissues, | Increases basal metabolic rate | Negative |
Cortisol (glucocorticoid) | ACTH | Made from cholesterol and released directly into the blood; zona fasciculata | All Tissues | Increase plasma glucose; increase gluconeogenesis; increased fat breakdown; block osteoblast and Ca2+ absorption | Negative |
Aldosterone (mineral corticoids) | Angiotensin II | Made from cholesterol and released directly into the blood; zona gomerulosa | Kidneys | Increases sodium reaborption and passive water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidenys | Negative |
Androgens (sex steroids) | ACTH | Made from cholesterol and released directly into the blood; zona reticularis | Testes, penis | Male reproductive... | |
Thyroid hormone synthesis, with Pendrin seen at ce...
Endocrine system: 1. Pineal gland, 2. Pituitary gl...
English: Location of major endocrine glands