Social referencing and Synchrony in infants

Social referencing is an imperative tool to any infant. Social referencing to an infant is when the infant is "seeking information about an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions."(Berger, 2005, 185). These observations are in general acquired from mother, father, or caregiver. An infant will react differently to mother and father. I will talk about some of these differences.

The infant will act in response to their mother, differently from their father. Most young infants will want to comply with their mothers wishes. In an experiment, with infants and mothers, infants were ordered not to lay a hand on toys, within easy reach. Mostly, the infants complied with this instruction. This result was accomplished by the mothers, giving facial expressions or a tone in their voice. About half of fourteen-month-olds and virtually all twenty-two month olds obeyed their mothers, even when they were not observable to the children.

Newborn child, seconds after birth. The umbilical ...

English: Logo of the Canadian Caregivers Associati...

English: Infant smiling (1 month old)

(Berger, 186).

An infant will also use a father's reaction differently from their mother's. Worldwide the father's role is being recognized more, through social referencing and other ways, as being important to an infant's development (Berger, 186-187). The infant will normally have more physical play time with dad, more readily then mom. This will make the infant more enthusiastically to interact with strangers, if they see an approving look from dad.

Infants use distinct people for social referencing. The most essential being the mother and father. Although they use both parents, they will look to them in distinctive situations. This newly, developed cognitive skill will continue to develop as the child gets older, even into adulthood.

Synchrony is defined as "a coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant, who respond to each other's faces, sounds, and movements very rapidly and smoothly." (Berger, 180). This is an...