ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂáÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂòÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâ ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂñÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé: ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ? ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé: ÃÂã"ÃÂø ÃÂâÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂù ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé: ÃÂâÃÂìÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂèÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï 037537073 ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂáÃÂÃ¥à2 ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä 5 ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú 11 ÃÂñÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä 16 ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂà22 ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂôÃÂéÃÂä 25 ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó 26 ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂÃ¥àÃÂëÃÂùÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂëÃÂúÃÂá ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂçÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂøÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø. ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂù, ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂâÃÂààÃÂæ ÃÂìàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä (ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂìÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô) ÃÂîÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂäÃÂï.
ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂèÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂä.
ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂùàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂé ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂëÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé? ÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú: 1) ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé.
2) ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂôÃÂéÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá.
3) ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä, àÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂñÃÂôÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂîÃÂéÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂéÃÂéÃÂààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂúÃÂãÃÂøÃÂãÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä.
ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂñÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂøÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä. àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø àÃÂê ÃÂìàÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂãÃÂôÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂøÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂúÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂãÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂáÃÂù ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂé, ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂðÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂëÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂòÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîàÃÂæ ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäàÃÂøÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂúÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂòÃÂàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂéÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú (ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂéÃÂç ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂø) ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂú, ÃÂðÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂîÃÂùÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá, ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂú, ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà1919 ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂñÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂúÃÂøÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂä"ÃÂú, àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä, àÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥'. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂçÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂàÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂé. ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂâÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂîàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂîÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé. ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä "ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø" àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãàÃÂâÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂúÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂñÃÂñ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂç ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂéÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂá"ÃÂì. ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂàÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂãàÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂï.
ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂéÃÂçÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂîÃÂðÃÂò ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂîÃÂú àÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂá. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂúÃÂîÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä.
ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂàÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂó ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂò ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂôÃÂòÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂï. ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂú. ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂàÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä àÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂðàÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì 1914.
ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂéÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂùàÃÂîÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé àÃÂùÃÂúÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé. ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂñÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä àÃÂìàÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï àÃÂðÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé àÃÂùÃÂúÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂéÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä (ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂéÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú) ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂëÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂ÷ÃÂò ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä. àÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂéÃÂöÃÂâÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂðÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂèÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä.
ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂ÷ÃÂò ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂìÃÂé: ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂä ÃÂä-20 àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéààÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú, ÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂä (ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú) ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂøÃÂù ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂîÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂáÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂì 13,780,000 ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò .
ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂëÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú: ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂôÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂãÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂøàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂó (commonwealth). ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé àÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä (ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé). ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂöàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂøÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂîÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂî-1920 ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé .
ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂøÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ, àÃÂçÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä, ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂúÃÂéÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø, ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷, ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂê. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂäÃÂôÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂìÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂéÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂæÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú.
ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú: ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂé, 1919, ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂæ ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂúÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. (ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂìÃÂï "ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ"). ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂõ ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäàÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂèÃÂâÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂöÃÂáà. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂðÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá.
ÃÂá-1928 ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂðÃÂò ÃÂö'ÃÂøÃÂö'ÃÂéÃÂì (Churchill) àÃÂæ ÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé, àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂõ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç àÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂñÃÂøÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ( ÃÂî-1931 ÃÂòÃÂã 1936 ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂòÃÂáÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä). ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç, ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø. ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂôÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂä"ÃÂèÃÂáÃÂòÃÂé" ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂààÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì.
àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï, ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂðÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂéààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂä (ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂúÃÂä) ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂëÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂó ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä "ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂï" àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä, àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂôÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂúÃÂòÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂÃ¥àÃÂõ) .
ÃÂî-36' ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä"ÃÂî àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂó ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø . ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂàÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä"ÃÂî àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂó ÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂúÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂðàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂäÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂæàÃÂú .
ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂøÃÂöÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂòÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂàÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂñÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂúÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂðàÃÂöÃÂéÃÂæÃÂààÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂùÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂúÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú -àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂîàÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé. (ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂîÃÂöÃÂàÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂúÃÂéÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂéÃÂààÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂéÃÂò ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø).
ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú: ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé. ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂùÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂäÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂøÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂäÃÂôÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂøÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂöÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂèÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂæÃÂøÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂâÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂø. ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂù ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂãÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂòÃÂîÃÂãÃÂï ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂá-1922 ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂìÃÂðÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú.
ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂäÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂî-1926 ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂñÃÂèÃÂø (The Westminster Statute) ÃÂá-1931 ÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂó ÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂìàÃÂä àÃÂàÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂú . ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂðÃÂãÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂáàÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä, ÃÂéÃÂùÃÂøàÃÂì, ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂãÃÂï, ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥') ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂäÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂéÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂìÃÂöÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂôÃÂòÃÂéÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂï àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂðÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì àÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂãÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé .
ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂúÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂó ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂúÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂá-1 ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂôÃÂèÃÂîÃÂáÃÂø, 1938, ÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂá- 24 ÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéÃÂâÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂìÃÂðÃÂã, ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä, ÃÂ÷ÃÂðÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂöÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥"ÃÂî ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê ÃÂì-casus belli' . ÃÂá- 28 ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂù àÃÂéÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂéÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂôÃÂä àÃÂçÃÂã. ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæ ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂôÃÂçÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂùàÃÂøÃÂä àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂéÃÂø. ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂè ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥: "There us no point in fighting a war that would break the British Empire, while trying to secure the safety of the United Kingdom"à.
ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä: ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂùàÃÂø àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá. ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂäÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂúàÃÂôÃÂéÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂìÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂîàÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂï.
ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂîàÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂâ ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø, ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé (ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ, àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂé àÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá) ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä . ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂéÃÂààÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂðÃÂé. ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂöÃÂÃ¥àÃÂáÃÂðàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂðàÃÂàÃÂáÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó 1932: "I think it is well for the man of the street to realize that there is no power on earth which can protect him from being bombed. Whatever people may tell him, the bomber will always get through"æ the only defense is in offense, which means that you have to kill more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you want to save yourselves"à.
ÃÂäÃÂðàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂè ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂé àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂøÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂðÃÂäÃÂâÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂáÃÂø 1932 ÃÂúàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂàÃÂä- "the Oxford Union"àÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂæ ÃÂùàÃÂðÃÂùÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä .
ÃÂá-16 ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂø, 1933 ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂùÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂâ'ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂáÃÂèàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂäÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂâ'ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂâ' ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂñÃÂáÃÂøÃÂé (George Lansbury) ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥: "We who belong to the peace movement cannot for a moment consent to the rearmament of Germany"àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂó ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂø: "On behalf of the Labour Party, I have to say we shall oppose the rearmament of Germany. We shell demand that the British government shall take the lead and call upon all its associates themselves to disarm and thus carry out the pledges given to Germany in 1919. This is a matter of honor"æ"àÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥: "We will not support an increase in armaments but we shall also refuse to support our own or any other government in an endeavour to apply penalties or sanctions against Germany. No one will ask for these if great nations immediately, substantially disarm and continue until universal disarmament is accomplished"àÃÂðàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂäÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂèàÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂãÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéààÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂâÃÂä àÃÂçÃÂú (ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé) ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂáÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂãÃÂù àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂîÃÂðÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù àÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂä .
ÃÂá-1934 ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂàÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã "ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ", àÃÂøÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂá-1935 ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂç ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂéÃÂâ 11 ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂçÃÂúÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂîÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂøàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂààÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂá-1936, ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂãÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂúÃÂáÃÂöÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê 4 ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂìÃÂçÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä) ÃÂèÃÂòÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂçÃÂøÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂëÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥'.
ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂñÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä àÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä, ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé: ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂì ÃÂá-1929, ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂîÃÂéÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂè ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂîÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáàÃÂìÃÂé. ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂã ÃÂá-40 àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæ. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂðÃÂÃ¥àÃÂù ÃÂðÃÂèÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂîÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂæÃÂäÃÂá. ÃÂäÃÂôàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂú, ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂéÃÂáÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂîÃÂéÃÂùÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂç ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂèÃÂì. àÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñ ÃÂëÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂéÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂéÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂîÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂ÷ÃÂãÃÂ÷ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä. àÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø, ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂö'ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂðÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì "ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ", ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂãÃÂøÃÂæ ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂøÃÂã ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂöÃÂäÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá, ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä .
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðàÃÂìÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂèÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂèÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂùÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé. ÃÂá-1932 ÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä (Ottawa) ÃÂçÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂùÃÂìÃÂá ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ) ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥).
ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ: ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂöÃÂçÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂáÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂðÃÂôÃÂâÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂòÃÂì àÃÂãÃÂîÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂè. ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂãÃÂè ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂòÃÂáÃÂø.
ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂùÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂúÃÂúÃÂó ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú.
ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä (àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂðÃÂãÃÂè ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú) àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúàÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä. ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂáÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂé àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä àÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúàÃÂìÃÂõ ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæ àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂè ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂéÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂæÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂæÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂéÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂìÃÂé: ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì 1918 ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂãÃÂè ÃÂáàÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂä"ÃÂú, ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂîÃÂøÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷. ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂðÃÂôÃÂøÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂë- 4,200,000 ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò .
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂãÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂôÃÂñÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂì 1870 ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂôÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂäÃÂøÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂë- 1,315,000 ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂë-27 àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæ ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂéÃÂìàÃÂé 18 ÃÂòÃÂã 27, ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂçÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂúÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂñÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂä . ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂðÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂãÃÂòÃÂúÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂðÃÂçÃÂúÃÂàÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂñÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷, ÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂáÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæ ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú . ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéà, àÃÂàÃÂëÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥.
ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú: ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂøÃÂúÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂúÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂøÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂúÃÂîÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂòÃÂîÃÂãÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂä ÃÂä-19.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂáÃÂùÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáàÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂèÃÂâÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäàÃÂãÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂä . ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂá-1922 ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂÃ¥àÃÂìÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂúÃÂéÃÂãÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂúÃÂáÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥à) ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂâÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂìÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂçÃÂãÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú. ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂùÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂò ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂãÃÂéÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂä àÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂøÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂàÃÂîÃÂçÃÂãÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂãÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂúÃÂéÃÂãÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂîÃÂñÃÂëÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùàÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂúÃÂéÃÂò àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂìÃÂôÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù. ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂúÃÂøÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂàÃÂìÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂç. (ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂâÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂéÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂñÃÂøÃÂèÃÂâÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùàÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø) .
ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä: ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂã àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂãÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂîÃÂøÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂöÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂãÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂæ'ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø. ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂøÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂôÃÂçÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂùÃÂã ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã, ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂöÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂñÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂéÃÂú .
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂèÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂï. ÃÂá-1921 ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï. ÃÂá-1924 ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂá-1926 ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá1927 àÃÂàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂá- 11920 ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂä (Little Entente). ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂéÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé àÃÂìàÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂéÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂãÃÂø ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂø (ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ) ÃÂúÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂîÃÂøÃÂï, àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂã, ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥.
ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä, ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂúÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂéàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä.
ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä: ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂä: ÃÂáÃÂîàÃÂîÃÂõ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂëÃÂøÃÂáÃÂò ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂë-7 àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæ ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂäÃÂøÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. 31,000 ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂãÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂäÃÂøÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂîÃÂîÃÂä. ÃÂë-5,600 ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂñÃÂé ÃÂøÃÂëÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥-48,000 ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂéÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂçÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂá-37 àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂìÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂá-60 àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂá-1914. ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂøÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂñÃÂçÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂá-16 ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷.
ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂøÃÂã ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂùÃÂá àÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂò ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé 134,000,000,000 ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂæÃÂäÃÂá.
ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂãÃÂøÃÂãÃÂø. ÃÂáÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä 26 ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂìÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂâ, ÃÂáÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂòÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂì-51 ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂâ, ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂîàÃÂé 1926 ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂòÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂì- 178 ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂâ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂé, 1926 ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂò ÃÂì-200 ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂâ. ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂùÃÂéÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂúÃÂðàÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂ÷ÃÂá ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂàÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂðÃÂôÃÂâÃÂòÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂó ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃ¥àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂøÃÂéÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂðÃÂãÃÂøÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂùÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂë-209,000,000,000 ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂæÃÂäÃÂá. ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãàÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂæÃÂààÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂðÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê àÃÂîÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé. ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂìÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂãÃÂøÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂòÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂñÃÂó. ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂéÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂúÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂó ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂçÃÂöÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂøÃÂé àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂöÃÂá àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂèÃÂáÃÂò. ÃÂøÃÂâÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä (ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ) ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä àÃÂàÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂøÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂÃ¥àÃÂðÃÂֈÃÂøà(poincare') . ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂùÃÂê ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂòÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìààÃÂôÃÂùÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé .
ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä: ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂëÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. àÃÂó ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂâÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂéÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé. ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂôÃÂìÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂáÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂø ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂðÃÂè (ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂðÃÂéÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä) ÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéààÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂàÃÂáÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂðÃÂäÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï.ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂôàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂäÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä .
ÃÂùÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂáÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂé (Stravisky) ÃÂá-1934: ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñÃÂä. ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂâÃÂéÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂøÃÂùÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂúàÃÂáÃÂã. ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂâÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂá-1926 ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂðÃÂòÃÂöÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðàÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂñÃÂúÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂààÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂôÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂðÃÂãÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂôÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂî-19 ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂðÃÂäÃÂâÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂôÃÂè. ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂùÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂçÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂúàÃÂøÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂâÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂðÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂöÃÂòÃÂéÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂôÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂôÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂèÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ 21 ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂâÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂë-1,600 ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂùÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂúÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂò ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂøàÃÂù ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂì (Laval) ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂùÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂø, 1935, àÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂîàÃÂé, 1936 ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï "ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú" ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂà(Blum) .
ÃÂìààÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂôàÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂéÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂäÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂìÃÂàÃÂáÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé. ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂó, ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂâÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä (ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂï ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂëÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂààÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ). ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂæÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä.
ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ: ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂã àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂã àÃÂçÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂâÃÂáÃÂéÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ: à) ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂã àÃÂçÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂá) ÃÂá) àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú.
ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂäÃÂéÃÂâÃÂé ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂàÃÂëÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂéÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂúÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂôÃÂ÷. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂéÃÂöÃÂá àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂù. ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá, ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂú.
ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂúÃÂä. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂãÃÂøÃÂâÃÂä ÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. àÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂðÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂîÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂú, ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂ÷ÃÂàÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂù, ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂëÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂðÃÂîÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂó ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂôÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂôÃÂùÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂé.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂãÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂìÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂðÃÂò, àÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú. ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú àÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂîÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂëÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂñÃÂáÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂê.
ÃÂñÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂè ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂîÃÂù àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂó ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂè ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé àÃÂðÃÂâÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂöÃÂâÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂîÃÂçÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂèÃÂøÃÂôÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂáÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé.
ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé: ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùàÃÂäÃÂçÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂãÃÂøÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂú. ÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂó ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñ ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂîÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï àÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂâÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä. ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂîÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂðÃÂãÃÂøÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂù (àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂôÃÂç àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä) . ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂãÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂðÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂúÃÂîÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé, ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂøÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂã ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂúÃÂà(ÃÂìàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂàÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂé) . ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂéÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂùÃÂá-1919 ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂöàÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá, ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂçÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂòÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂðÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂùÃÂé. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂâÃÂààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂàÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé , ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂâÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä.
*** ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂæÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø, ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂààÃÂæÃÂëÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂø ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂéÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂçÃÂá"ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂãÃÂéÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂäÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂéÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂìàÃÂâÃÂàÃÂìÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé .
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂâÃÂàÃÂìÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂààÃÂçÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂäÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂðÃÂäÃÂâÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂèÃÂòÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñ ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä. ÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä àÃÂàÃÂöÃÂáààÃÂãÃÂéÃÂø, ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂã ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä) ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂñÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂà. ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂñÃÂôÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂãÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂìàÃÂñÃÂéÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂøÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂáÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂøàÃÂù ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂâ'ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂâ'(Lloyd George) . ÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂò ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂéÃÂñÃÂëÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø. ÃÂöÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂòÃÂðÃÂéÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂòÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂúÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂààÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂùÃÂëÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂäàÃÂîÃÂøÃÂéÃÂֈÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂè ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú àÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä.
ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé àÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂúÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂãÃÂâÃÂùÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂ÷ÃÂò ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú: 1) ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂòÃÂôÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂòÃÂáÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂãÃÂ÷) ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂæ ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂâÃÂò ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂúÃÂðÃÂöÃÂç.
2) ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂöÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂñÃÂñ àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂà(ÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú). ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂÃ¥àÃÂáÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæ ÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂó ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂâÃÂùÃÂâÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂãÃÂùÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂãÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂìÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé-ÃÂáÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂìÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥.
ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂðÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä (1921-1922): ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂöÃÂò 1921, ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂîàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáàÃÂáÃÂãÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂø àÃÂæ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂôÃÂâÃÂù ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃ¥àÃÂø, 1922.
ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂâÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂàÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂãÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂú (ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú) ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂãÃÂùÃÂéÃÂÃÂÃÂéÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂèÃÂçÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂúÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂðÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂá-1919.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂú, ÃÂäÃÂéààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂçÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂæÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú, ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂàÃÂúÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂéÃÂùÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂÃ¥àÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂï àÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂçÃÂùÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂöÃÂú ÃÂèàÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂëÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂìààÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂç ÃÂâÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂæÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé . ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂæÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂã àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂðÃÂöÃÂéàÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú.
ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂâÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂðÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂëÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂæÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂîÃÂùÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂâÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöàÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä. ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂäÃÂøÃÂáÃÂä.
ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂâÃÂéÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂùÃÂôÃÂì. ÃÂøàÃÂù ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂôÃÂé ÃÂä-"London Times"àÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú , ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂîÃÂú.
ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂø: ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂֈÃÂäÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂø. ÃÂìÃÂëàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂú, ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂùÃÂáÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú.
ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂæÃÂé, ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂúÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñ ÃÂëÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú (ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂìÃÂèÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂæÃÂéÃÂëÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï). ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂæàÃÂú, ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂâÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂá-11 ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃ¥àÃÂø, 1923, ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂîÃÂçàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂøÃÂä"ÃÂá àÃÂê ÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂôÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂï .
ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂùÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂôÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂè ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂé. ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂäÃÂìÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂòÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú: 1) ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂúÃÂàÃÂáÃÂãÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä àÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ.
2) ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂó ÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂ÷ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂà"ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂñÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂãÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä . ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂõ ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂëÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂìÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂá àÃÂê ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂçàÃÂä ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂéÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂùÃÂìÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂìÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂúÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥: ÃÂá-16 ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂø, 1925, ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï, ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂâÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂîÃÂùÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂîÃÂøÃÂëÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥.
1) ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂéÃÂðÃÂäÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂâÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂò ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂèÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂæÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂøÃÂéÃÂéÃÂï. ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂúÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂôÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂÃÂ.
2) ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂçÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂä. (ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂâÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂààÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂàÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂùÃÂðÃÂé) 3) ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂîÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂîÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂòÃÂéÃÂó 16 ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂÃÂ.
4) ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂãÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂö'ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂèÃÂìÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂéÃÂöàÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂëÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂøÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂèÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂùÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂîÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé (ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂçÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä) ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂëÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂá. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂàÃÂá-1921, àÃÂê ÃÂòÃÂëÃÂùÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂîÃÂòÃÂéÃÂú, àÃÂàÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂöàÃÂìÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂöÃÂò ÃÂëÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂîÃÂðÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂðÃÂä. ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂîÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñ ÃÂâÃÂààÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂÃ¥àÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ àÃÂôÃÂùÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂúÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂìÃÂéÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂëÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï àÃÂîÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂúÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂì àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂéÃÂà(àÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ) ÃÂùÃÂì àÃÂó àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂöÃÂãÃÂãÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂîÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê 4 ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä .
ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷: ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä àÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂøàÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂá-1932.
ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá àÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂöÃÂìÃÂç. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂîÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂä (ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂàÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂá) àÃÂìàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂèÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂìÃÂá ÃÂæÃÂä, ÃÂîÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂðÃÂö'ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä. àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂúÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂèÃÂéÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂâÃÂàÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂäàÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂèÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂù ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂúÃÂâÃÂãÃÂéÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂâÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂôÃÂðÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂø ÃÂîàÃÂîÃÂöÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂìàÃÂôÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂú ÃÂúÃÂðàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂîÃÂúÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂààÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂçÃÂîÃÂùÃÂú.
ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂöÃÂã àÃÂê ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂù àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂðÃÂàÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂéÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂúÃÂøÃÂçÃÂù ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂèÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂðÃÂëÃÂðÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂæÃÂï àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂîÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥à. ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂáÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂéÃÂòÃÂáÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂâ ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂãÃÂãÃÂéÃÂà.
ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ: ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂîÃÂùÃÂê ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂï ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂâÃÂò ÃÂäàÃÂçÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂãÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂæÃÂîÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂñ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂú-ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùàÃÂéÃÂçÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂùÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂùÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú) ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú.
ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂäÃÂéÃÂâÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂÃÂ: ÃÂâ'ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂâ' ÃÂ÷ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ (George Celemenceau) ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂäÃÂéÃÂâ ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä àÃÂîÃÂø: "Mark well What I'm telling you, in six months in a year, five years, ten years, when they like, as they like, the boch will again invade us"àÃÂîÃÂøÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù (Foch) ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂã ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂäÃÂéÃÂø: "This is not peace: it is an armistice for twenty years"àÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂøàÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂàÃÂîÃÂúÃÂîÃÂéÃÂã. ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂëÃÂéÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂò"ÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂäÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂãÃÂãÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂðÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú . ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂè àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂæÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäàÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂø ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂùÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥.
ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂð"ÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂùÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂîÃÂøÃÂâÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂõ ÃÂéÃÂùÃÂøàÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂùàÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ àÃÂàÃÂòÃÂøÃÂé ÃÂäàÃÂøÃÂõ ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä. àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂéÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä. ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂæ'ÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂìÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂáÃÂøÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂðÃÂñÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂñÃÂñ àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂòÃÂøÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂúÃÂçÃÂáÃÂéààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂòÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂæÃÂøÃÂç àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú (ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂáàÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä), àÃÂìàÃÂùÃÂäÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂìÃÂéÃÂè ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú àÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä, ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä àÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂç ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú àÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂè ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂçÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂê ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú. ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂùÃÂúÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂֈÃÂøÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ (ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂúÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂéÃÂùÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂáÃÂèÃÂéÃÂç àÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä) ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñ àÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂùÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂï ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂéÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú.
àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂéÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ.
àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂöÃÂîÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂï (Austen Chamberlain) ÃÂëàÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂãÃÂéÃÂø àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂë- "Semi detached"àÃÂëÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂîÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂéÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂùÃÂøÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂõ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé, ÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂè ÃÂÃ¥àÃÂðÃÂñÃÂèÃÂøÃÂè (Robert Vansittart), àÃÂîÃÂø: "For us European politics are mostly other people's feuds and grievances"æ Beyond a certain point, the quarrels of Europe are not our quarrels"æ"àÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂãÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂçÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂéÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂæÃÂäÃÂéÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂäÃÂÃÂ. àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú .
ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂäÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂðÃÂâÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂñ ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂçÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂäÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂé ÃÂëÃÂúÃÂá, ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂëÃÂúÃÂá ÃÂøÃÂùÃÂîÃÂé, ÃÂá-1919: "At the back of all this is the French scheme to suck Germany and everyone else dry and to establish French military and political control of the League of Nations, conceived as an organization for the restoration of France to a supreme position in Europe and her Maintenance in that position"à.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂéÃÂëÃÂéÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂäÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂúÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂòÃÂã ÃÂìÃÂòÃÂøÃÂá ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂãÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú. ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂñÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂèÃÂìÃÂø, ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂãÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥, ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂèÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂæÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂñàÃÂé, àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂàÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂà(ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂàÃÂðÃÂúÃÂôÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú) àÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂãÃÂ÷ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂðÃÂòÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂìàÃÂâ'ÃÂðÃÂèÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂòÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂëÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂæÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï.
àÃÂàÃÂðÃÂùÃÂìÃÂá àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ àÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂöÃÂá ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂâÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂæÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂìÃÂáÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú (ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂìÃÂçÃÂààÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂá-1938), àÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂù ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂôÃÂéÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂìÃÂì ÃÂèÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂòÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂéÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂîÃÂöÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂëÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè àÃÂó ÃÂäÃÂñÃÂëÃÂàÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂìàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï 1919 ÃÂì-1939.
ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂçÃÂú àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂçÃÂãÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂîÃÂìÃÂëÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂçÃÂéÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂñÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì. ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂðÃÂú àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂîàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂøÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂéÃÂäÃÂôÃÂê ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä. ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂîàÃÂôÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂôÃÂ÷ÃÂéÃÂã ÃÂäÃÂîÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂäÃÂúÃÂòÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂùÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä.
ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂéÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂîàÃÂîÃÂöÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂâÃÂðÃÂúÃÂé, àÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂé, ÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂúÃÂùÃÂúÃÂúÃÂó ÃÂâÃÂàÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂòÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂøàÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂéÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï. ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂã àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂîÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂîÃÂùÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä (ÃÂäÃÂôÃÂöÃÂéÃÂôÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂôÃÂéÃÂìÃÂéÃÂààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂï). ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂâÃÂààÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñ ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂð"ÃÂì ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂîÃÂã ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂ÷ ÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂôÃÂðÃÂéÃÂîÃÂé, ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂñÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂàÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂîÃÂôÃÂøÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂäÃÂéàÃÂâÃÂàÃÂîÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂðÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂäÃÂîÃÂçÃÂ÷ÃÂø àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂúÃÂé, ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ÃÂä ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂòÃÂìÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂöÃÂéÃÂá ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂðÃÂäÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂëÃÂãÃÂé ÃÂìÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂîàÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôàÃÂé.
ÃÂìÃÂùàÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂò ÃÂìàÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂú"ÃÂô ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂï ÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂúÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä. ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂâÃÂã ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂù ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂðÃÂèÃÂøÃÂñÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂéÃÂèÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä. ÃÂìàÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂäÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂâÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø àÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂê àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä, ÃÂìÃÂçÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂä àÃÂéÃÂðÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂä. ÃÂáÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó ÃÂôÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂáÃÂéààÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂìàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäàÃÂéÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂòÃÂöÃÂîÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂøÃÂùÃÂéÃÂîÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂáÃÂìÃÂéàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂôÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂï àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂì àÃÂáÃÂéÃÂá, 1971) Albrecht-Carrie' Rene' A diplomatic history of Europe since the congress of Vienna (Methuen & Co ltd. London, 1967) Hampton Jackson, J. The between war world: A short political history 1918 to 1939 (Victor Gollancz Ltd. London, 1947) Kennedy, John F. Why England slept (Wiflfred Funk, Inc New York, 1961) Kennedy, Paul The rise and fall of the great powers : Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000) (Random House, New York 1987) Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) Taylor, A. J. P. The origins of the Second World War (Premier Book, New York, 1963) Thomson, David Europe since Napoleon (pelican books, Great Britain, 1966) Townson Duncan Dictionary of modern history 1789-1945 (Penguin, London, 1995) Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) pp 74,75.
Kennedy, Paul The rise and fall of the great powers : Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000) (Random House, New York 1987) p 316.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) pp 8688-.
Ibid Kennedy, John F. Why England slept (Wiflfred Funk, Inc New York, 1961) p 55 Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999( p75.
ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂäÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂðÃÂúÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂæÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂù ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂãÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂéÃÂðÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂó ÃÂìàÃÂæÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùàÃÂðÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂîÃÂúÃÂéÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂààÃÂìÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂø ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂãÃÂéÃÂðÃÂú ÃÂéÃÂùÃÂøàÃÂì Kennedy, Paul The rise and fall of the great powers : Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000) (Random House, New York 1987) p 315.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) p 75.
ÃÂñÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂìÃÂçÃÂîÃÂä, ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂç ÃÂìÃÂèÃÂéÃÂðÃÂé.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) p108.
ÃÂáÃÂîÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂøàÃÂùÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂæàÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂéÃÂáÃÂøÃÂìÃÂéÃÂàÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìàÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂçÃÂùÃÂéÃÂáÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂøàÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú "ÃÂèÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä". ÃÂîàÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂúÃÂø ÃÂðÃÂøàÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂðÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ ÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂîÃÂé ÃÂäÃÂéÃÂéÃÂúÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂòÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂîÃÂðÃÂùÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂùÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂúÃÂùÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂé ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂëÃÂéÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂðÃÂçÃÂùÃÂá ÃÂì"ÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂç ÃÂùÃÂéÃÂèÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂø".
Kennedy, John F. Why England slept (Wiflfred Funk, Inc New York, 1961) p36. ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂãÃÂâÃÂùÃÂä ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂé ÃÂôÃÂøÃÂôÃÂøÃÂæÃÂä ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂéÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂáàÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂäÃÂáÃÂøÃÂéÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú: "For king and country"àIbid p53.
Kennedy, Paul The rise and fall of the great powers : Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000) (Random House, New York 1987) pp 316-317.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) pp 80-81.
ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂï àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂì àÃÂáÃÂéÃÂá, 1971) ÃÂòÃÂî' 5.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) pp121-123.
Hampton Jackson, J. The between war world: A short political history 1918 to 1939 (Victor Gollancz Ltd. London, 1947) p64.
ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂï àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂì àÃÂáÃÂéÃÂá, 1971) ÃÂòÃÂî' 19-26.
Hampton Jackson, J. The between war world: A short political history 1918 to 1939 (Victor Gollancz Ltd. London, 1947) pp 64-65.
Thomson, David Europe since Napoleon (pelican books, Great Britain, 1966) pp 628,629.
ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂï àÃÂìÃÂéÃÂñÃÂèÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂðÃÂôÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú (ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂöàÃÂú ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂøÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú, ÃÂúÃÂì àÃÂáÃÂéÃÂá, 1971) ÃÂòÃÂî' 10-12.
Ibid p 65-67.
Hampton Jackson, J. The between war world: A short political history 1918 to 1939 (Victor Gollancz Ltd. London, 1947) p72,73.
Thomson, David Europe since Napoleon (pelican books, Great Britain, 1966) pp 687,688.
Taylor, A. J. P. The origins of the Second World War (Premier Book, New York, 1963) p48.
Ibid p49.
ÃÂäÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂëÃÂçÃÂä ÃÂðÃÂéÃÂöÃÂçÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂäÃÂÃ¥àÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂ÷ 10 ÃÂäÃÂùÃÂðÃÂéÃÂàÃÂùÃÂòÃÂáÃÂø ÃÂîÃÂòÃÂè àÃÂçÃÂø ÃÂëÃÂê ÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂìÃÂîÃÂðÃÂè.
Kennedy, John F. Why England slept (Wiflfred Funk, Inc New York, 1961) p35,36.
Albrecht-Carrie' Rene' A diplomatic history of Europe since the congress of Vienna (Methuen & Co ltd. London, 1967) p387-387.
Ibid pp 392-394.
ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂøÃÂÃ¥àÃÂä àÃÂú ÃÂîàÃÂæÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂçÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂìÃÂä ÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂùÃÂçÃÂ÷ ÃÂñÃÂëÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂààÃÂôÃÂñ. ÃÂëÃÂì ÃÂäÃÂúÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂú ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂáàÃÂä ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂçÃÂùÃÂáÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂï ÃÂäÃÂäÃÂøÃÂúÃÂòÃÂä ÃÂäÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂúÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂëÃÂï ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂëÃÂøÃÂç ÃÂúÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂéÃÂì àÃÂú ÃÂâÃÂøÃÂîÃÂðÃÂéÃÂä ÃÂìÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂó àÃÂú ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú ÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂãÃÂáÃÂø.
Ibid p394.
Ibid 394-398.
ÃÂëÃÂîÃÂÃÂ¥ ÃÂùÃÂäÃÂøàÃÂéÃÂúÃÂé ÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂãÃÂàÃÂáÃÂôÃÂøÃÂ÷ ÃÂòÃÂì ÃÂöÃÂøÃÂôÃÂú, ÃÂçÃÂæÃÂ÷ ÃÂáÃÂöÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂøÃÂä ÃÂéÃÂçÃÂñÃÂéÃÂú ÃÂìÃÂùàÃÂø àÃÂéÃÂøÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂôÃÂä ÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂáÃÂäÃÂçÃÂìÃÂè ÃÂìààÃÂáÃÂñÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂ¥ÃÂèÃÂéÃÂú.
Ibid 417-422.
Taylor, A. J. P. The origins of the Second World War (Premier Book, New York, 1963)pp 54-62.
Thomson, David Europe since Napoleon (pelican books, Great Britain, 1966) pp 673-680.
Taylor, A. J. P. The origins of the Second World War (Premier Book, New York, 1963) pp 65-69.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) p122.
Overy, Richard The rode to war (Pengiun books, London 1999) p76.
Overy,